ц╥ ц░ц┘ц▓ц≈ц≥ц┘ ц┤ц▐ц└ц≥ ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц┘ц┤ц▐ ц⌠ц∙ц²ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц≈ц│ц▌ц┴ц▒ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц│ц▒ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц▌ц┘ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц│ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ц█ ц≈ ц░ц▐ц▄ц▌ц▐ц█ ц⌠ц█ц≥ц⌠ц▄ц┘ ц°ц■ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц⌠ц▄ц▐ц≈ц│. ц╞ц⌠ц┘ц▌ц≤ц─ 1716 ц┤. ц┘ц┘ ц ц▌ц│ц·ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ц▌ц▐ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц┴ц▄ц┴ ц┴ ц≈ц▐ц▐ц▓ц∙ц√ц┴ц▄ц┴^[1]. ц╪ц■ц▐ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц░ц▓ц┴ц█ц┴ц■ц┴ц≈ц▌ц▐ц┘ ц░ц▐ ц≈ц▌ц┘ц⌡ц▌ц┘ц█ц∙ ц≈ц┴ц└ц∙ ц┴ ц░ц▄ц│ц▌ц┴ц▓ц▐ц≈ц▀ц┘, ц▌ц▐ ц┬ц▐ц▓ц▐ц⌡ц▐ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц┘ ц≈ ц≈ц▐ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц█ ц▐ц■ц▌ц▐ц⌡ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┴ ц⌠ц▐ц▐ц▓ц∙ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘. ц╚ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц┴ц█ц┘ц▄ц│ ц·ц┘ц■ц≥ц▓ц┘ц┬ц∙ц┤ц▐ц▄ц≤ц▌ц∙ц─ ц├ц▐ц▓ц█ц∙ ц⌠ ц┌ц│ц⌠ц■ц┴ц▐ц▌ц│ц█ц┴ ц┴ ц├ц▄ц│ц▌ц┤ц│ц█ц┴, ц≈ц≥ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▌ц│ ц┴ц  ц└ц┘ц▓ц┘ц≈ц│ ц┴ ц▄ц┴ц⌡ц≤ ц·ц│ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц▌ц│ц▓ц∙ц√ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц⌠ц■ц┘ц▌ц≥ ц≈ц≥ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц│ ц▀ц│ц█ц▌ц┘ц█. ц╥ц▌ц∙ц■ц▓ц┴ ц┘ц┘ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц│ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▌ц│ ц▌ц┘ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌡ц│ц▒ ц└ц┘ц▓ц┘ц≈ц▒ц▌ц▌ц│ц▒ ц┐ц┘ц▓ц▀ц▐ц≈ц≤^[2].

   ц╓ц│ц▄ц≤ц▌ц┘ц┼ц⌡ц│ц▒ ц⌠ц∙ц└ц≤ц┌ц│ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц│ ц■ц┘ц⌠ц▌ц▐ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц│ц▌ц│ ц⌠ ц▓ц│ц ц≈ц┴ц■ц┴ц┘ц█ ц▓ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц▐-ц└ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬, ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц▀ц▐-ц└ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬, ц│ ц■ц│ц▀ц√ц┘ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц▀ц▐-ц▓ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц▐ц■ц▌ц▐ц⌡ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┼. цЁ ц⌠ц│ц█ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▐ц⌠ц▌ц▐ц≈ц│ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц┴ц┤ц▓ц│ц▄ц▐ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌡ц∙ц─ ц▓ц▐ц▄ц≤ ц≈ ц ц│ц²ц┴ц■ц┘ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц▓ц▐ц└ц▐ц≈ цЁц▓ц┘ц└ц▌ц┘ц┤ц▐ ц√ц∙ц ц│ ц▐ц■ ц└ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц│ц┤ц▓ц┘ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┴ ц┴ ц░ц▓ц┴ц⌠ц▐ц┘ц└ц┴ц▌ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┴ ц╥ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▐ц·ц▌ц▐-ц╚ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▀ц▓ц│ц▒ ц▀ ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┴. цЁц▐ц⌠ц┘ц└ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ ц└ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц▐ц≈ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц▐ц⌠ц▐ц┌ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ ц▐ц░ц│ц⌠ц▌ц≥ц█ ц└ц▄ц▒ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц▐ц≈ ц≈ ц░ц┘ц▓ц┴ц▐ц└, ц▀ц▐ц┤ц└ц│ ц▀ ц┘ц┘ ц┤ц▓ц│ц▌ц┴ц┐ц│ц█ ц░ц▓ц┴ц█ц≥ц▀ц│ц▄ц│ цёц┴ц▌ц≤ц⌠ц▀ц│ц▒ ц┴ц█ц░ц┘ц▓ц┴ц▒, ц⌠ц■ц▓ц┘ц█ц┴ц≈ц⌡ц│ц▒ц⌠ц▒ ц▓ц│ц⌠ц⌡ц┴ц▓ц┴ц■ц≤ ц≈ц▄ц│ц└ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц ц│ ц⌠ц·ц┘ц■ ц╓ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц┴ц┴ ц┴ ц╚ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц│^[3]. ц╥ ц°ц■ц▐ц┼ ц▐ц┌ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▀ц┘ ц▓ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┘ ц░ц▓ц│ц≈ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ ц⌠ц·ц┴ц■ц│ц▄ц▐ ц▌ц│ц┴ц┌ц▐ц▄ц┘ц┘ ц≈ц┘ц▓ц▌ц≥ц█ ц⌠ц▓ц┘ц└ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц█ ц∙ц⌠ц┴ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц░ц▐ц▄ц┴ц■ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц≈ц▄ц┴ц▒ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц≈ ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▐ц·ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц▓ц│ц┼ц▐ц▌ц│ц┬ ц┴ ц┴ц┬ ц┬ц▐ц ц▒ц┼ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▐ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц░ц▐ц└ц└ц│ц▌ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц√ц∙ц ц▐ц≈ ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┴.

   ц╞ц⌠ц∙ц²ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц─ ц░ц▄ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ ц┐ц│ц▓ц┴ц ц█ц│ ц≈ ц┴ц ц≈ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц⌠ц■ц┘ц░ц┘ц▌ц┴ ц⌠ц░ц▐ц⌠ц▐ц┌ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц≈ц│ц▄ц▐ц≈ц▌ц┘ц⌡ц▌ц┘ц░ц▐ц▄ц┴ц■ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┘ ц░ц▐ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц√ц∙ц ц▐ц≈ ц┴ ц┴ц┬ ц∙ц⌠ц┴ц▄ц┴ц≈ц│ц┌ц²ц┘ц┘ц⌠ц▒ ц┴ц  ц┤ц▐ц└ц│ ц≈ ц┤ц▐ц└ ц⌠ц■ц▓ц┘ц█ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц▀ ц∙ц░ц▓ц▐ц·ц┘ц▌ц┴ц─ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц┘ц┼ ц⌠ ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┘ц┼ ц≈ ц▐ц┌ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▀ц┘ ц∙ц┤ц▓ц▐ц ц≥ ц└ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц░ц▐ц▓ц│ц┌ц▐ц²ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒. цЁц▐ ц⌠ц█ц┘ц▓ц■ц≤ц─ ц╖ц│ц▄ц└ц│ц▌-цёц°ц▓ц°ц▌ц│ (1745 ц┤.), ц░ц▓ц┴ ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц█ ц╓ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц┴ц▒ ц└ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ц┤ц▄ц│ ц▌ц│ц┴ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌡ц┘ц┤ц▐ ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц┘ц┤ц▐ ц█ц▐ц┤ц∙ц²ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц│, ц≈ ц⌠ц│ц█ц▐ц┼ ц╓ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц┴ц┴ ц▌ц│ц·ц│ц▄ц┴ц⌠ц≤ ц⌠ц█ц∙ц■ц≥. ц╪ц■ц┴ц█ ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц░ц▐ц▄ц≤ц ц▐ц≈ц│ц▄ц▐ц⌠ц≤ ц▓ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┘ ц░ц▓ц│ц≈ц■ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐. ц╟ц▐ц⌠ц▄ц┘ ц▓ц│ц ц┤ц▓ц▐ц█ц│ ц≈ 1757-1758 ц┤ц┤. ц╓ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц┬ц│ц▌ц⌠ц■ц≈ц│ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц┴ ц≈ц▐ц ц≈ц▓ц│ц■ц┴ц▄ц┴ ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц┴ ц▀ц▐ц·ц┘ц≈ц≤ц▒, ц│ ц■ц│ц▀ц√ц┘ ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ц┴ц▄ц┴ ц▌ц│ц▓ц∙ц⌡ц┘ц▌ц▌ц≥ц┘ ц≈ ц┤ц▐ц└ц≥ ц└ц√ц∙ц▌ц┤ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц│ц┤ц▓ц┘ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┴ ц■ц▐ц▓ц┤ц▐ц≈ц▐-ц°ц▀ц▐ц▌ц▐ц█ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┘ ц┴ ц░ц▐ц▄ц┴ц■ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┘ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц┴ ц⌠ ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┘ц┼. ц╥ ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┴ ц┴ ц└ц│ц▄ц≤ц▌ц┘ц┼ц⌡ц▌ц┘ц█ ц▓ц│ц ц≈ц┴ц■ц┴ц┴ ц┴ц┬ ц▐ц░ц▓ц┘ц└ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▌ц∙ц─ ц▓ц▐ц▄ц≤ ц⌠ц≥ц┤ц▓ц│ц▄ц┴ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц╘ц▓ц■ц≥ц⌡ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц▄ц┴ц▌ц┴ц┴, ц≈ ц■ц▐ц█ ц·ц┴ц⌠ц▄ц┘ ц┴ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц⌠ц▌ц▀ц│ц▒.

   ц╨ц│ ц°ц■ц▐ ц≈ц▓ц┘ц█ц▒ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц┴ ц░ц┘ц▓ц┘ц≈ц▐ц▐ц▓ц∙ц√ц┘ц▌ц≥ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▓ц≥ц┘ ц┴ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▌ц≥ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц≥ц┘ ц▄ц┴ц▌ц┴ц┴ ц≈ц▐ц┘ц▌ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┼. ц╥ ц·ц│ц⌠ц■ц▌ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴, ц≈ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▓ц≥ц┘ ц░ц∙ц⌡ц▀ц┴ ц▓ц│ц ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▀ц│ц▄ц┴ц┌ц▓ц│ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц┴ ц ц│ц█ц┘ц▌ц┘ц▌ц≥ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц≥ц█ц┴ ц▐ц▓ц∙ц└ц┴ц▒ц█ц┴, ц∙ц⌠ц┴ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▐ ц┘ц┘ ц├ц▐ц▓ц■ц┴ц├ц┴ц▀ц│ц┐ц┴ц▐ц▌ц▌ц▐ц┘ ц⌠ц▐ц▐ц▓ц∙ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘. ц╥ ц▓ц┘ц ц∙ц▄ц≤ц■ц│ц■ц┘ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц░ц▓ц┘ц≈ц▓ц│ц■ц┴ц▄ц│ц⌠ц≤ ц≈ ц▐ц└ц▌ц▐ ц┴ц  ц▄ц∙ц·ц⌡ц┴ц┬ ц∙ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┼ ц▌ц│ ц╘ц▓ц■ц≥ц⌡ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▄ц┴ц▌ц┴ц┴. ц╥ 1760 ц┤. ц≈ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ ц≈ц▐ц░ц▓ц▐ц⌠ ц▐ ц░ц┘ц▓ц┘ц▌ц┘ц⌠ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┴ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц▌ц│ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▐ц┘ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▐. ц╪ц■ц▐ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц≈ц≥ц ц≈ц│ц▌ц▐ ц░ц▓ц┘ц√ц└ц┘ ц≈ц⌠ц┘ц┤ц▐ ц■ц┘ц█, ц·ц■ц▐ "ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц░ц▓ц┘ц└ц⌠ц■ц│ц≈ц▄ц▒ц▄ц│ ц█ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▌ц┘ц≈ц≥ц┤ц▐ц└ ц░ц▐ ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц┘ц█ц∙ ц∙ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┼ц⌠ц■ц≈ц∙ ц┴ ц■ц▐ц░ц▐ц┤ц▓ц│ц├ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц█ц∙ ц░ц▐ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц─ ц▀ц│ц▀ ц≈ ц≈ц▐ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц█, ц■ц│ц▀ ц┴ ц≈ ц░ц▐ц▄ц┴ц■ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц█ ц⌠ц█ц≥ц⌠ц▄ц┘"^[4]. ц╡ц│ц⌠ц░ц▐ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц▌ц│ц▒ ц▌ц│ ц▌ц┴ц ц▀ц▐ц█ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц┘, ц⌠ц▓ц┘ц└ц┴ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц▐ц■, ц▐ц▌ц│ ц⌠ ц⌠ц┘ц≈ц┘ц▓ц▐-ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▐ц·ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц⌠ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц▌ц≥ ц┴ц█ц┘ц▄ц│ ц░ц┘ц⌠ц▐ц·ц▌ц≥ц┘ ц┤ц▐ц▓ц≥ ц┴ ц░ц▓ц┴ц■ц▐ц█ ц■ц│ц▀ ц┌ц▄ц┴ц ц▀ц▐, ц·ц■ц▐ ц⌠ ц▌ц┴ц┬ ц▌ц┘ц░ц▓ц┴ц▒ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ ц█ц▐ц┤ ц≈ц┴ц└ц┘ц■ц≤ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤, ц▀ц│ц▀ ц▌ц│ ц▄ц│ц└ц▐ц▌ц┴. ц╟ц┘ц▓ц┘ц└ ц▌ц┘ц─ ц░ц▐ ц▓ц┘ц▀ц┘, ц▌ц│ ц░ц▓ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц│ц▌ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┘ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц┘ц┘ 300 ц⌠ц│ц√ц┘ц▌ц≤, ц■ц▒ц▌ц∙ц▄ц┴ц⌠ц≤ ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц≈ц│, ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц▓ц≥ц┘, ц⌠ц▀ц▓ц≥ц≈ц│ц▒ ц░ц▓ц┴ц┌ц▄ц┴ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц░ц▓ц▐ц■ц┴ц≈ц▌ц┴ц▀ц│ ц⌠ ц ц│ц▓ц┘ц·ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц⌠ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц▌ц≥, ц░ц▓ц┘ц░ц▒ц■ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц≈ц│ц▄ц┴ ц└ц┘ц┼ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┴ц─ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц│ц▓ц■ц┴ц▄ц▄ц┘ц▓ц┴ц┴. ц╚ ц■ц▐ц█ц∙ ц√ц┘ ц▓ц│ц⌠ц░ц▐ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц▌ц│ ц▌ц┴ц ц▀ц▐ц█ ц┌ц┘ц▓ц┘ц┤ц∙ ц≈ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц▐ц■ц┴ц⌠ц■ц▐ц█ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц┘ ц⌠ц░ц▐ц⌠ц▐ц┌ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц≈ц│ц▄ц▐ ц▓ц│ц⌠ц░ц▓ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц│ц▌ц┘ц▌ц┴ц─ ц⌠ц▓ц┘ц└ц┴ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц▓ц│ц ц▄ц┴ц·ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц ц│ц┌ц▐ц▄ц┘ц≈ц│ц▌ц┴ц┼.

   ц╥ 1767 ц┤. ц┤ц┘ц▌ц┘ц▓ц│ц▄-ц░ц▐ц▓ц∙ц·ц┴ц▀ ц╘. ц╘. ц╩ц░ц▓ц┴ц▌ц┤ц┘ц▓ ц░ц▐ ц⌠ц▐ц┌ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц█ц∙ ц∙ц⌠ц█ц▐ц■ц▓ц┘ц▌ц┴ц─ ц≈ц≥ц┌ц▓ц│ц▄ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▐ ц▌ц│ 12 ц≈ц┘ц▓ц⌠ц■ ц≈ц≥ц⌡ц┘ ц░ц▓ц┘ц√ц▌ц┘ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴^[5]. ц╥ ц■ц▐ц█ ц√ц┘ ц┤ц▐ц└ц∙ ц▐ц▌ ц∙ц■ц≈ц┘ц▓ц└ц┴ц▄ ц░ц▄ц│ц▌-ц░ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▀ц■ ц┘ц┘ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒, ц│ ц≈ 1770 ц┤. ц▐ц■ц└ц│ц▄ ц▓ц│ц⌠ц░ц▐ц▓ц▒ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц ц│ц┤ц▐ц■ц│ц≈ц▄ц┴ц≈ц│ц■ц≤ ц└ц▄ц▒ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┼ц▀ц┴ ц█ц│ц■ц┘ц▓ц┴ц│ц▄ц≥. ц╝ц▐ ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ ц▌ц│ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▐ц█ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц┘ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц░ц▓ц┴ц▐ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▐ ц≈ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц┴ ц⌠ ц▌ц│ц░ц│ц└ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ц█ ц▌ц│ ц╘ц▓ц■ц≥ц⌡ц⌠ц▀ц∙ц─ ц▄ц┴ц▌ц┴ц─ ц≈ц▐ц▄ц√ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц▀ц│ц▄ц█ц≥ц▀ц▐ц≈, ц┌ц┘ц√ц│ц≈ц⌡ц┴ц┬ ц┴ц  ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┴ ц≈ ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц┘ "ц▐ц■ц┘ц·ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐", ц│ ц ц│ц■ц┘ц█ ц≈ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц┴ ц⌠ ц╟ц∙ц┤ц│ц·ц┘ц⌠ц≈ц▀ц┴ц█ ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц┴ц┘ц█^[6] ц╥ 1776 ц┤. ц┤ц┘ц▌ц┘ц▓ц│ц▄-ц┤ц∙ц┌ц┘ц▓ц▌ц│ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц█ ц╨ц│ц░ц│ц└ц▌ц▐ц┼ цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц┴ "ц└ц▄ц▒ ц ц│ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц░ц▐ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▐ц█ц∙ ц░ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▀ц■ц∙" ц┌ц≥ц▄ ц▐ц■ц▀ц▐ц█ц│ц▌ц└ц┴ц▓ц▐ц≈ц│ц▌ ц▀ц│ц░ц┴ц■ц│ц▌ ц╘. ц╖. ц║ц▌ц└ц▓ц┘ц┘ц≈. ц╥ ц│ц░ц▓ц┘ц▄ц┘ ц■ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц√ц┘ ц┤ц▐ц└ц│ ц▐ц▌ ц≈ц≥ц┘ц┬ц│ц▄ ц┴ц  ц╤ц┘ц▄ц┘ц ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц┴ ц⌠ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌡ц┴ц█ц┴ ц■ц▓ц∙ц└ц▌ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▒ц█ц┴ ц░ц▓ц┴ц┌ц≥ц▄ ц≈ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц∙ц─ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤^[7]. ц╥ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц┘ ц⌠ ц▌ц┴ц█ ц░ц▓ц┴ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ 40 ц▓ц│ц┌ц▐ц·ц┴ц┬, 25 ц⌠ц▐ц▄ц└ц│ц■ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц┌ц│ц■ц│ц▄ц≤ц▐ц▌ц│, 50 ц■ц─ц█ц┘ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц┴ ц■ц▐ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц⌠ц▄ц∙ц√ц┴ц▄ц≥ц┬ ц■ц│ц■ц│ц▓, ц┴ 200 ц⌠ц⌠ц≥ц▄ц≤ц▌ц≥ц┬ "ц▀ц▐ц▄ц▐ц└ц▌ц┴ц▀ц▐ц≈"^[8]. ц╝ц▐ц≈ц│ц▒ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц┴ц█ц┘ц▄ц│ ц·ц┘ц■ц≥ц▓ц┘ц┬ц∙ц┤ц▐ц▄ц≤ц▌ц∙ц─ ц├ц▐ц▓ц█ц∙ ц⌠ ц≈ц≥ц■ц▒ц▌ц∙ц■ц≥ц█ц┴ ц┌ц│ц⌠ц■ц┴ц▐ц▌ц│ц█ц┴.

   ц╥ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц∙ц─ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц┴ ц░ц┘ц▓ц┘ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц▒ц■ц≤ц⌠ц▒ ц√ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц┴ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▓ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴, ц≈ц▐ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц⌠ц∙ц√ц│ц²ц┴ц┘, ц│ ц■ц│ц▀ц√ц┘ ц·ц│ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц■ц▐ц▓ц┤ц▐ц≈ц≥ц┬ ц▄ц─ц└ц┘ц┼. 18 ц█ц│ц▒ 1778 ц┤. ц░ц┘ц▓ц┘ц┘ц┬ц│ц▄ ц⌡ц■ц│ц┌, ц≈ ц│ц≈ц┤ц∙ц⌠ц■ц┘ 1777 ц┤ . ц┌ц≥ц▄ц│ ц ц│ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц│ ц▀ц│ц█ц┘ц▌ц▌ц│ц▒ ц┐ц┘ц▓ц▀ц▐ц≈ц≤, ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц▓ц│ц▒, ц░ц▐ ц⌠ц≈ц┴ц└ц┘ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ц⌠ц■ц≈ц∙ ц▐ц·ц┘ц≈ц┴ц└ц┐ц┘ц≈, ц┌ц≥ц▄ц│ ц▐ц└ц▌ц┴ ц┴ц  ц▄ц∙ц·ц⌡ц┴ц┬ ц ц└ц│ц▌ц┴ц┼, "ц∙ц▀ц▓ц│ц⌡ц│ц─ц²ц┴ц┬ ц⌠ц┴ц─ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤"^[9].

   ц╥ 1790 ц┤. ц≈ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц░ц▓ц▐ц┴ц ц▐ц⌡ц┘ц▄ ц░ц▐ц√ц│ц▓, ц≈ ц▓ц┘ц ц∙ц▄ц≤ц■ц│ц■ц┘ ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц⌠ц┤ц▐ц▓ц┘ц▄ц│ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌡ц│ц▒ ц·ц│ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┼ - ц┴ц  213 ц└ц▐ц█ц▐ц≈ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц▄ц┘ ц▌ц┘ц┤ц▐ ц▐ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц▐ц⌠ц≤ ц■ц▐ц▄ц≤ц▀ц▐ 88. ц╚ц│ц ц│ц·ц≤ц┘ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘, ц√ц┴ц≈ц⌡ц┘ц┘ ц└ц▐ ц■ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц≈ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴, ц░ц▐ц⌠ц▄ц┘ ц░ц▐ц√ц│ц▓ц│ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц▐ ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┴ц■ц≤ц⌠ц▒ ц≈ ц⌠ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц▌ц┘ ц▐ц■ ц▌ц┘ц┘, ц▐ц┌ц▓ц│ц ц▐ц≈ц│ц≈ ц▐ц■ц└ц┘ц▄ц≤ц▌ц≥ц┼ ц├ц▐ц▓ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■. ц╞ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц≤ц▌ц▐ц┘ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ - ц▓ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┘ ц┴ ц■ц│ц■ц│ц▓ц≥ - ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┴ц▄ц┴ц⌠ц≤ ц▐ц■ц└ц┘ц▄ц≤ц▌ц≥ц█ц┴ ц⌠ц▄ц▐ц┌ц▐ц└ц│ц█ц┴, ц░ц▓ц▐ц█ц┘ц√ц∙ц■ц▐ц▀ ц█ц┘ц√ц└ц∙ ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц▓ц≥ц█ц┴ ц⌠ ц■ц┘ц·ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ц█ ц≈ц▓ц┘ц█ц┘ц▌ц┴ ц■ц▐ц√ц┘ ц ц│ц⌠ц■ц▓ц│ц┴ц≈ц│ц▄ц⌠ц▒. ц╥ 1792 ц┤. ц▌ц│ ц▌ц▐ц≈ц▐ц┘ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▐ ц░ц┘ц▓ц┘ц≈ц┘ц▄ц┴ ц▀ц∙ц░ц┘ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц∙ц─ (ц┴ц▄ц┴ ц█ц┘ц▌ц▐ц≈ц∙ц─) ц⌠ц▄ц▐ц┌ц▐ц└ц▀ц∙, ц┤ц└ц┘ ц▀ц∙ц░ц┐ц≥ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ц┴ц▄ц┴ ц┤ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ц▌ц≥ц┼ ц└ц≈ц▐ц▓. ц╪ц■ц▐ ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▐ ц≈ц░ц▐ц⌠ц▄ц┘ц└ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┴ц┴ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц▐ ц▌ц│ц ц≥ц≈ц│ц■ц≤ц⌠ц▒ ц╢ц│ц■ц│ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц⌠ц▄ц▐ц┌ц▐ц└ц▀ц▐ц┼.

   ц╚ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц┌ц≥ц⌠ц■ц▓ц▐ ц ц│ц⌠ц■ц▓ц│ц┴ц≈ц│ц▄ц│ц⌠ц≤, ц≈ц▐ц ц▓ц│ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц▐ ц┘ц┘ ц ц▌ц│ц·ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц▀ц│ц▀ ц│ц└ц█ц┴ц▌ц┴ц⌠ц■ц▓ц│ц■ц┴ц≈ц▌ц▐-ц░ц▐ц▄ц┴ц■ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц┐ц┘ц▌ц■ц▓ц│ ц▐ц┌ц⌡ц┴ц▓ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▓ц┘ц┤ц┴ц▐ц▌ц│ц─ цЁ 1745 ц┤. ц▐ц▌ц│ ц≈ц▐ц⌡ц▄ц│ ц≈ ц⌠ц▐ц⌠ц■ц│ц≈ цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц┤ц∙ц┌ц┘ц▓ц▌ц┴ц┴^[10]. ц╥ 1782 ц┤. ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤, ц░ц▐ц▄ц∙ц·ц┴ц≈ ц⌠ц■ц│ц■ц∙ц⌠ ц┤ц▐ц▓ц▐ц└ц│, ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц│ ц┐ц┘ц▌ц■ц▓ц▐ц█ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц∙ц┘ц ц└ц│ ц╚ц▐ц▄ц≈ц│ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▌ц│ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▌ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц│, ц≈ ц⌠ц▐ц⌠ц■ц│ц≈ ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц▓ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц≈ц▐ц⌡ц▄ц┴ ц╚ц▐ц▄ц≥ц≈ц│ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┼, ц╒ц┴ц┼ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┼, ц╚ц∙ц ц▌ц┘ц┐ц▀ц┴ц┼, цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┼ ц┴ ц╚ц▓ц│ц⌠ц▌ц▐ц▒ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┼ ц∙ц┘ц ц└ц≥^[11]. ц╥ 1796 ц┤. ц╚ц▐ц▄ц≥ц≈ц│ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┘ ц▌ц│ц█ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▌ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц∙ц░ц▓ц│ц ц└ц▌ц┘ц▌ц▐, ц│ ц∙ц┘ц ц└ц▌ц≥ц┼ ц┤ц▐ц▓ц▐ц└ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ ц░ц▓ц┴ц·ц┴ц⌠ц▄ц┘ц▌ ц▀ ц╢ц▐ц┌ц▐ц▄ц≤ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц┤ц∙ц┌ц┘ц▓ц▌ц┴ц┴^[12].

   ц╟ц▓ц┴ц▌ц∙ц└ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц≤ц▌ц▐ц┘ ц ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц≈ XVII - ц▌ц│ц·ц│ц▄ц┘ XVIII ц≈. ц⌠ц▐ц·ц┘ц■ц│ц▄ц▐ц⌠ц≤ ц⌠ц▐ ц⌠ц■ц┴ц┬ц┴ц┼ц▌ц≥ц█ ц░ц▓ц┴ц■ц▐ц▀ц▐ц█ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒, ц░ц▓ц┴ц≈ц▄ц┘ц·ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц┘ц┘ ц≈ц≥ц┤ц▐ц└ц▌ц≥ц█ ц┤ц┘ц▐ц┤ц▓ц│ц├ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц█ ц┴ ц°ц▀ц▐ц▌ц▐ц█ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц█ ц▓ц│ц⌠ц░ц▐ц▄ц▐ц√ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ц█. ц╥ 1762 ц┤. ц≈ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▒ц┬ ц└ц▐ц ц≈ц▐ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▐ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┴ц■ц≤ц⌠ц▒ ц▐ц■ц⌠ц■ц│ц≈ц▌ц≥ц█ ц⌠ц▐ц▄ц└ц│ц■ц│ц█, ц│ ц≈ 1770 ц┤. ц■ц∙ц└ц│ ц√ц┘ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц┴ ц▐ц■ц░ц▓ц│ц≈ц▄ц┘ц▌ц≥ ц⌠ц▐ц⌠ц▄ц│ц▌ц▌ц≥ц┘ ц≈ цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц≤ ц ц│ц░ц▐ц▓ц▐ц√ц┐ц≥^[13]. ц╘ц  ц└ц▐ц▌ц┘ц⌠ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┼ ц▀ц▐ц█ц┘ц▌ц└ц│ц■ц▌ц■ц│ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц░ц▐ц▄ц▀ц▐ц≈ц▌ц┴ц▀ц│ ц╟ц│ц≈ц▄ц∙ц┐ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц≈ц┴ц└ц▌ц▐, ц·ц■ц▐ ц▀ 1 ц█ц│ц▒ 1745 ц┤. ц·ц┴ц⌠ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц√ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц┘ц┼ ц≈ ц╥ц┘ц▓ц┬ц▌ц┘ц┴ц▓ц■ц≥ц⌡ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц▒ц┬ ц⌠ц▐ц⌠ц■ц│ц≈ц▄ц▒ц▄ц│: ц≈ ц╞ц█ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 196, ц╤ц┘ц▄ц┘ц ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 54, ц╠ц█ц≥ц⌡ц┘ц≈ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 203, цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 147, ц≈ ц╣ц⌠ц■ц≤-ц╚ц│ц█ц┘ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 53 ц·ц┘ц▄ц▐ц≈ц┘ц▀ц│^[14]. ц╥ "ц╜ц│ц■ц┘ц▓ц┴ц│ц▄ц│ц┬" ц╖. ц╝. ц╟ц▐ц■ц│ц▌ц┴ц▌ц│ ц°ц■ц┴ ц└ц│ц▌ц▌ц≥ц┘ ц≈ц┴ц└ц▒ц■ц⌠ц▒ ц▌ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц▄ц≤ц▀ц▐ ц ц│ц≈ц≥ц⌡ц┘ц▌ц▌ц≥ц█ц┴: ц≈ ц╠ц█ц≥ц⌡ц┘ц≈ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 303, цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 204, ц╣ц⌠ц■ц≤-ц╚ц│ц█ц┘ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 141 ц·ц┘ц▄ц▐ц≈ц┘ц▀^[15]. ц╘ц ц≈ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▌ц▐, ц·ц■ц▐ ц≈ц⌠ц┘ ц▓ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┘ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц∙ц┘ц ц└ц│ ц≈ 1782 ц┤. ц⌠ц▐ц⌠ц■ц│ц≈ц▄ц▒ц▄ц▐ 6783 ц·ц┘ц▄ц▐ц≈ц┘ц▀ц│, ц┴ц  ц▌ц┴ц┬ ц┌ц▐ц▄ц┘ц┘ ц░ц▐ц▄ц▐ц≈ц┴ц▌ц≥ - ц⌠ц⌠ц≥ц▄ц≤ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┐ц┘ц≈.

   ц╟ц▓ц┴ц■ц▐ц▀ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц≈ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц∙ц─ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц∙ц≈ц┘ц▄ц┴ц·ц┴ц▄ц⌠ц▒ ц≈ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц┴ ц⌠ ц░ц▓ц┘ц≈ц▓ц│ц²ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ц█ ц┘ц┘ ц≈ ц▐ц└ц┴ц▌ ц┴ц  ц▀ц▓ц∙ц░ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц┐ц┘ц▌ц■ц▓ц▐ц≈ ц■ц▐ц▓ц┤ц▐ц≈ц▄ц┴ ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┴ ц⌠ц▐ цЁц▓ц┘ц└ц▌ц┘ц┼ ц║ц ц┴ц┘ц┼ ц┴ ц╚ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц█ ц▀ц▓ц│ц┘ц█. ц╥ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц┴ ц░ц┘ц▓ц┘ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц▒ц■ц≤ц⌠ц▒ ц┌ц∙ц┬ц│ц▓ц┐ц≥ ц┴ ц■ц│ц⌡ц▀ц┘ц▌ц■ц┐ц≥, ц│ ц■ц│ц▀ц√ц┘ ц▀ц│ц▄ц█ц≥ц▀ц┴ ц┴ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц┬ц┴. ц╚ц│ц ц│ц┬ц┴ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ц┴ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц▒ц■ц≤ц⌠ц▒ ц≈ц┌ц▄ц┴ц ц┴ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц┘ц²ц┘ ц≈ 40-ц┬ ц┤ц▐ц└ц│ц┬ XVIII ц≈., ц▀ц▐ц┤ц└ц│ ц┴ц█ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц▓ц│ц ц▓ц┘ц⌡ц┘ц▌ц▐ "ц░ц▓ц┴ц┘ц ц√ц│ц■ц≤ ц└ц▄ц▒ ц■ц▐ц▓ц┤ц∙ ц▀ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴"^[16]. ц╥ ц┐ц┘ц▄ц▐ц█ ц▀ ц▀ц▐ц▌ц┐ц∙ XVIII ц≈. (1771 ц┤.) ц≈ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц·ц┴ц⌠ц▄ц┴ц▄ц▐ц⌠ц≤ 120 ц└ц▓ц│ц┤ц∙ц▌, 80 ц▀ц│ц ц│ц▀ц▐ц≈ ц┴ ц┴ц▌ц≈ц│ц▄ц┴ц└ц▐ц≈, ц┴ц  ц⌠ц≈ц▐ц└ц▐ц┌ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц▄ц─ц└ц┘ц┼ 183 ц·ц┘ц▄ц▐ц≈ц┘ц▀ц│ ц█ц∙ц√ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц┴ 166 ц√ц┘ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц░ц▐ц▄ц│. ц╘. ц║ц▌ц└ц▓ц┘ц┘ц≈ ц▌ц│ц ц≥ц≈ц│ц┘ц■ ц·ц┴ц⌠ц▄ц┘ц▌ц▌ц▐ц⌠ц■ц≤ ц√ц┴ц■ц┘ц▄ц┘ц┼ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц≈ 1789 ц┤. 900 ц·ц┘ц▄ц▐ц≈ц┘ц▀^[17]. ц╡ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┘ ц▌ц│ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц ц│ц▌ц┴ц█ц│ц▄ц▐ц⌠ц≤ ц░ц▐ ц░ц▓ц┘ц┴ц█ц∙ц²ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц∙ ц┬ц▄ц┘ц┌ц▐ц░ц│ц⌡ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц█. ц╥ 1746 ц┤. ц≈ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц⌠ц▌ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц ц│ц⌠ц┘ц≈ц│ц▄ц▐ц⌠ц≤ 200, ц≈ ц╠ц█ц≥ц⌡ц┘ц≈ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 171, ц≈ ц╣ц⌠ц■ц≤-ц╚ц│ц█ц┘ц▌ц▐ц┤ц▐ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ - 144 ц└ц┘ц⌠ц▒ц■ц┴ц▌ц≥ ц≈ц⌠ц┘ц┬ ц┬ц▄ц┘ц┌ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц▀ц∙ц▄ц≤ц■ц∙ц▓^[18]. ц╥ 1789 ц┤. ц≈ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▀ц▓ц┘ц░ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц┌ц≥ц▄ц▐ ц░ц▐ц⌠ц┘ц▒ц▌ц▐ ц∙ц√ц┘ 4418 ц└ц┘ц⌠ц▒ц■ц┴ц▌ ц▐ц└ц▌ц▐ц┼ ц■ц▐ц▄ц≤ц▀ц▐ ц▓ц√ц┴, 3129 - ц▒ц▓ц┴ц┐ц≥, 2284 - ц░ц⌡ц┘ц▌ц┴ц┐ц≥, 1809 - ц▐ц≈ц⌠ц│, 5165 ц└ц┘ц⌠ц▒ц■ц┴ц▌ ц┤ц▐ц▓ц▐ц┬ц│. ц╚ц▓ц▐ц█ц┘ ц■ц▐ц┤ц▐, ц░ц▐ц⌠ц┘ц▄ц┘ц▌ц┐ц≥ ц ц│ц▌ц┴ц█ц│ц▄ц┴ц⌠ц≤ ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц■ц▐ц≈ц▐ц└ц⌠ц■ц≈ц▐ц█. ц╥ ц┴ц┬ ц┬ц▐ц ц▒ц┼ц⌠ц■ц≈ц│ц┬ ц⌠ц▐ц└ц┘ц▓ц√ц│ц▄ц⌠ц▒ ц┴ ц▀ц▓ц∙ц░ц▌ц≥ц┼ ц▓ц▐ц┤ц│ц■ц≥ц┼ ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц■, ц┴ ц█ц┘ц▄ц▀ц┴ц┼, ц┌ц≥ц▄ц┴ ц▄ц▐ц⌡ц│ц└ц┴ ц┴ ц≈ц┘ц▓ц┌ц▄ц─ц└ц≥.

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[1] ц╖ц┘ц┼ц▌ц⌠ ц║. ц╚. ц╚ц┴ц▓ц┤ц┴ц ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┘ ц▐ц·ц┘ц▓ц▀ц┴. - ц╥ц▐ц┘ц▌ц▌ц≥ц┼ ц⌠ц┌ц▐ц▓ц▌ц┴ц▀, 1866, N6, ц⌠. 19

[2] ц╖ц║ц╞ц╞, ц├. 366, ц▐ц░. 1, ц└. 323, ц▄. 9, 19; ц╖ц┘ц▓ц│ц⌠ц┴ц█ц▐ц≈ ц╒. цЁц■ц│ц▓ц┴ц▌ц▌ц≥ц┘ ц┐ц┘ц▓ц▀ц≈ц┴ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▐ц┌ц▄ц│ц⌠ц■ц┴. - ц╨ц│ц░ц┴ц⌠ц▀ц┴ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц░ц▐ц└ц▐ц■ц└ц┘ц▄ц│ ц╨ц│ц░ц│ц└ц▌ц▐-цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▐ц■ц└ц┘ц▄ц│ ц╡ц╖ц╞, 1915, ц≈ц≥ц░. 10, ц⌠. 8

[3] ц║ц░ц▐ц▄ц▄ц▐ц≈ц│ ц╝. ц╖. ц╪ц▀ц▐ц▌ц▐ц█ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┘ ц┴ ц░ц▐ц▄ц┴ц■ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┘ ц⌠ц≈ц▒ц ц┴ ц╚ц│ц ц│ц┬ц⌠ц■ц│ц▌ц│ ц⌠ ц╡ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┘ц┼ ц≈ XVIII-ц▌ц│ц·ц│ц▄ц┘ XIX ц≈ц≈. ц╜., 1960, ц⌠. 90-92

[4] ц╨ц▐ц▄ц▐ц■ц▐ц≈ ц╟. ц╖ц┘ц▌ц┘ц▓ц│ц▄-ц░ц▐ц▓ц∙ц·ц┴ц▀ ц╘ц≈ц│ц▌ ц╘ц≈ц│ц▌ц▐ц≈ц┴ц· ц╩ц░ц▓ц┴ц▌ц┤ц┘ц▓. ц╞ц█ц⌠ц▀, 1887, ц⌠. 38

[5] ц■ц│ц█ ц√ц┘, ц⌠. 38, 39

[6] ц╝ц┴ц▀ц┴ц■ц┴ц▌ ц╥. ц╟. ц╘ц⌠ц■ц▐ц▓ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┼ ц▐ц·ц┘ц▓ц▀ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▀ц▓ц│ц▒. ц╟ц│ц█ц▒ц■ц▌ц│ц▒ ц▀ц▌ц┴ц√ц▀ц│ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▐ц┌ц▄ц│ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц▌ц│ 1897 ц┤. цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀, 1898, ц⌠. 161

[7] цЁц■ц▓ц∙ц≈ц┘ ц╚. ц╨ц│ц█ц┘ц■ц▀ц│ ц╝. ц║ц┌ц▓ц│ц█ц▐ц≈ц│. ц╖ц▐ц▓ц▐ц└ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀. - ц╨ц│ц░ц┴ц⌠ц▀ц┴ ц╘ц╡ц╖ц╞, 1862, ц·. 2, ц⌠. 180-181

[8] ц■ц│ц█ ц√ц┘, ц⌠. 181

[9] ц╖ц║ц╞ц╞, ц├. 366, ц▐ц░. 1, ц└. 323, ц▄. 19

[10] ц╖ц║ц║ц╚, ц├. 132, ц▐ц░. 4, ц└. 29

[11] цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц≤ ц≈ XVII - XVIII ц≈ц≈. (ц⌠ц┌. ц└ц▐ц▀ц∙ц█ц┘ц▌ц■ц▐ц≈ ц┴ ц█ц│ц■ц┘ц▓ц┴ц│ц▄ц▐ц≈). ц╝ц▐ц≈ц▐ц⌠ц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц⌠ц▀, 1962, ц⌠. 151. ц╟ц▐ ц└ц▓ц∙ц┤ц┴ц█ ц└ц│ц▌ц▌ц≥ц█ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ ц⌠ц■ц│ц▄ ц┤ц▐ц▓ц▐ц└ц▐ц█ ц⌠ 1783 ц┤. (ц║ц╥ц╖ц╞, ц├. 64, ц▐ц░. 1, ц└. 14, ц▄. 41)

[12] ц╖ц║ц║ц╚, ц├. 132, ц▐ц░. 1, ц└. 1, ц▄. 99

[13] ц╚ц▐ц▌ц⌡ц┴ц▌ ц╝. ц╚ц┴ц▓ц┤ц┴ц ц≥ ц▌ц│ ц▀ц│ц ц│ц·ц≤ц┴ц┬ ц ц┘ц█ц▄ц▒ц┬. - ц╟ц│ц█ц▒ц■ц▌ц│ц▒ ц▀ц▌ц┴ц√ц▀ц│ цЁц┘ц█ц┴ц░ц│ц▄ц│ц■ц┴ц▌ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┼ ц▐ц┌ц▄ц│ц⌠ц■ц┴ ц▌ц│ 1901 ц┤., ц⌠. 7

[14] ц╥ц┘ц⌠ц■ц▌ц┴ц▀ ц╡ц∙ц⌠ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц┤ц┘ц▐ц┤ц▓ц│ц├ц┴ц·ц┘ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц┤ц▐ ц▐ц┌ц²ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц│. цЁц░ц┌., 1860, ц■. 29, ц⌠. 221

[15] цЁц█.: ц╟ц▐ц■ц│ц▌ц┴ц▌ ц╖. ц╝. ц╜ц│ц■ц┘ц▓ц┴ц│ц▄ц≥ ц└ц▄ц▒ ц┴ц⌠ц■ц▐ц▓ц┴ц┴ цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц┴. цЁц░ц┌., 1867, ц■. 1, ц⌠. 18

[16] ц╨ц│ц≈ц│ц▄ц┴ц⌡ц┴ц▌ ц╘. ц╞ц░ц┴ц⌠ц│ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц╨ц│ц░ц│ц└ц▌ц▐ц┼ цЁц┴ц┌ц┴ц▓ц┴. ц╜. 1867, ц·. 3, ц⌠. 81

[17] ц╟ц▐ц▄ц▌ц▐ц┘ ц⌠ц▐ц┌ц▓ц│ц▌ц┴ц┘ ц∙ц·ц┘ц▌ц≥ц┬ ц░ц∙ц■ц┘ц⌡ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┴ц┼. цЁц░ц┌., 1825, ц■. 7, ц⌠. 22; ц╓ц▐ц█ц▐ц≈ц│ц▒ ц▄ц┘ц■ц▐ц░ц┴ц⌠ц≤, ц░ц┴ц⌠ц│ц▌ц▌ц│ц▒ ц▀ц│ц░ц┴ц■ц│ц▌ц▐ц█ ц╘ц≈ц│ц▌ц▐ц█ ц║ц▌ц└ц▓ц┘ц┘ц≈ц≥ц█ ц≈ 1789 ц┤. - ц╬ц■ц┘ц▌ц┴ц▒ ц≈ ц╘ц█ц░. ц▐ц┌ц²ц┘ц⌠ц■ц≈ц┘ ц┴ц⌠ц■ц▐ц▓ц┴ц┴ ц┴ ц└ц▓ц┘ц≈ц▌ц▐ц⌠ц■ц┘ц┼ ц▓ц▐ц⌠ц⌠ц┴ц┼ц⌠ц▀ц┴ц┬ ц░ц▓ц┴ ц╜ц▐ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц≈ц⌠ц▀ц▐ц█ ц∙ц▌ц┴ц≈ц┘ц▓ц⌠ц┴ц■ц┘ц■ц┘. ц╜., 1871, ц■. 4, ц⌠. 34

[18] ц╟ц▐ц■ц│ц▌ц┴ц▌ ц╖. ц╝., ц╣ц▀ц│ц . ц▓ц│ц┌., ц⌠. 194